Critical Analysis of Ozymandias by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Critical Analysis of Ozymandias by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Ozymandias is Percy Bysshe Shelley’s sonnet metered iambic pentameter. Ozymandias is referred to the ancient Egyptian King Rameses II, who was cited as the most powerful Pharaoh in Egypt. Shelley wrote the poem after he heard the news of the discovery of ancient ruins belonged to the once great civilization. The poet expresses the short-lived power of a man and nature prevailing over humans.

The beginning of the poem tells of the stranger visiting an antique land that referred to as Egypt. The desert and the sand describe the setting of the country. The traveler tells the unearthing of a pair of legs of stone standing in the desert. It indicates that the sculpture has been destroyed due to the harsh environment for a long time, the body is missing, and the face of Ozymandias lays half-buried in the sand. The “shattered visage” of the king indicates of his confounded power. The “land” and “sand” states the perennial power of nature compared to Ozymandias’ supremacy.

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The visage describes Ozymandias’ true character: the “frown”, “wrinkled lip” and the “sneer of cold command” tells of his cruelty, mercilessness and contempt for his people. The sculptor, instead of praising the king, is mocking the man, even though he perfectly molded the king’s expression. The cruel character of the king lives on even after he died; his subjects had reduced to no more than a thing because of his hostile treatment to them. “The hand that mocked them” tells his disdain to serve his subjects; “heart that fed” indicates that he brings terror and dread to his people.

The pedestal which read:

My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!”

Ozymandias strived for political glory and even challenged the gods to overthrow his power. His pride and thirst for glory brings him nothing. His monument stands in the vast desert, “lone and level” shows the emptiness of the land.

The poet wrote incomplete ideas that leave the reader hanging on to what the traveler is talking about. The ironic tone of the poem mocks the king’s greatness turning into dumps. The major theme of the poem is the pride followed by a downfall.

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Critical Analysis of "My Last Duches" by Robert Browning

Critical Analysis of "My Last Duches" by Robert Browning

My Last Duchess is written by Robert Browning in 1842. A dramatic monologue of the Duke of Ferrara presents his best side to the agent of the count of Tyrol when he tries to talk about his previous wife. 

Set in iambic pentameter, AABB rhyme scheme along with other techniques such as enjambment and caesura, the poem reveals qualities about the speaker and his situation. The reader might be drawn to the conclusion that the speaker has something to do with his wife’s death as revealed in his confusing speech and actions throughout the poem. The dramatic monologue exposes the speaker’s true personality and his situation more than he aims to say both to the agent and the reader.

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The Duke of Ferrara seems to be controlling in nature; he tries to control everyone he is comes to term with,  like he controls the actions of the agent as read in line 5, “Will’t please you sit and look at her”, “Will’t please you rise?” (l 47) and “Nay, we’ll go/ Together down, sir” (l 53-54.) He succeeded in controlling Fra Pandolf’s works of art but failed to control his wife when she was still alive. When the Duchess dies he fully gains power over her, his possessiveness surfaces in the lines 9 to 10: “since non puts by/ the curtain I have drawn for you, but I”.

The Duke tries to put his wife in the bad light, giving the reader the impression that she is flirtatious, false and disrespectful, while he appears to be the abused but caring husband. His previous wife’s actions leave him no choice but to kill her. But as he is telling the agent about his wife’s death he appears nervous and tense. The use of caesura suggests that he is unsure of what to say next. He could not understand of his wife’s love for natural, simple things and her kindness she displays towards others he treated it with disdain. He could not gain command over his wife’s appreciation towards others that he thought it belongs to him alone. Her happy disposition and love of life which he could not control made him to kill her in the end.

The poem is all about mystery, murder and intrigue. Robert Browning effectively captures the Duke’s haughty and arrogant character.

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Movie Review of "Every Child is Special"

Movie Review of "Every Child is Special"



Ishaan: The letters are dancing.

Teacher: They are dancing, are they? Then read the dancing letters. Read the sentence loud and proper.

The dialogue between Ishann (Darsheel Safary) and his English teacher is funny and interesting, especially when Ishaan reacts after his teacher orders him to read out the sentence. The scene is actually very good, but this is just one of those scenes which brings out Ishaan’s suffering in Every Child is Special.

The movie is all about a kid who has dyslexia, is misunderstood and treated badly by his teachers and parents, particularly his father. He suffers from depression when he is sent to a boarding school, away from his family. The substitute teacher gets to know him and identified himself with the child so he sets out to help him overcome his problem. But there is more than Ishaan’s problem and the teacher’s solution to solve the kid’s problem. The movie deals more with the current education system and parents who appear to give importance to their children’s academic success rather than on their own interest or inclination. Every Child is Special (Taare Zameen Par) taught the issue about a particular event of a child’s life whose interest/difference in misunderstood by adults and passing on judgments on the child rather than understanding the child’s situation.

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The movie also emphasize on teacher-student interaction especially on the teacher’s part on convincing Ishaan’s parents and the boarding school principal to teach the child himself. There are many heart-warming scenes that will surely bring tears to the movie watcher. The scene where Ishaan is placed in a strict boarding school for boys and got separated from his family, and from then on he goes into a depression. The song “Tuhje Sab To Pata Hai Na Maa” is very good song that conveys the separation from his mother.

Parents and teachers can find a lesson from this film. The title alone “Every Child is Special” is an obvious message to parents who pressure their kids to be the first among their peers and classmates, and who compare them to others who fare better in academics. This film should be watched by teachers if they want to have a deeper understanding of the dynamics between teachers and students. Children too can benefit from watching “Every Child is Special”. Studying for honors and recognition is not the only thing that matters. Discover what interest them, their inclinations, and accept their differences and be reminded that “Every Child is Special”!

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Summary and Analysis of "Killings" by Andre Dubus

“Killings” is a short tale written by Andre Dubus in 1979 and was first published in The Sewanee Review.  The story was later adapted by film director Todd Field in the 2001 movie entitled In the Bedroom, a highly acclaimed movie by the Academy Awards.  The story revolved on love, murder, revenge and morality.

The story sets in a small town somewhere in Massachusetts one August morning with the burial of a 21 year old Economic graduate Frank Fowler, Ruth and Matt’s youngest son. Along to grief with the couple were their two other children – Steve, oldest and Cathleen, the second among the brood.

Richard Strout, a 26 year old former football scholar dropout who has worked as a bartender, shot Frank one Saturday night in September right in front of his two sons.

Strout was known to many as the spoiled and hot-tempered guy.  It was this very same attitude that caused his wife of 6 years, Mary Ann, to file for divorce. 

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Mary Ann was the girlfriend Frank had before his death.  The two met in Salisbury beach where the latter worked as a lifeguard. Their romance blossomed while she was in the process of the divorce.  Frank’s mother, Ruth, disagreed to the relationship. She never wanted Mary Ann for her son for a number of reasons: first, she had a history of playing around, second, the divorce was not finalized yet, third, she had kids and lastly, she was older than him.  Matt, on the other hand, being a protective father that he was tried to understand his son and weighs the balance between his wife and son.  He accepted Mary Ann and welcomed her into the family.  Unfortunately, this was not the same case with Strout.  Whether be it for his pride or love for Mary Ann that forced him to commit murder, it was very clear that he never approved of the divorce.

The tragedy has not left the Fowlers since then.  Conflicts arose when Strout was granted a bail for which his presence made coping tougher for both Matt and Ruth.  Strout was seen all over town living a normal life after the crime.  Seeing him not only sharpened the pains of losing their son but it strengthened the eagerness of revenge. 

Matt and Ruth’s suffering grew with each passing day.  To end such suffering, Matt premeditated on killing Strout with the help of his friend, Willis Trottier.  Willis, a short silver-haired man, was a restaurant and bar owner who shared Matt’s sentiments.  Being a good friend that he is, he felt for Matt.  Together they consummated a crime.

Dubus was able to present the story in a very vivid manner.  He was able to showcase conflict of emotions in an orderly way.

The crime committed by Matt to overcome his ill feelings maybe justifiable.  There is no greater pain than losing a child to someone with no worth.  It is more unacceptable seeing the antagonist out in the open and free while justice was not fully served yet.  But then again, we cannot correct a mistake by another mistake.  It’s not always right to take the law into your own hands.  Avenging may make things worse in the future.  In this case, once authorities discovered Strout’s murder, they will only point at one suspect, the one with the strongest motive. That will make the struggle for the Fowlers more gruesome.

Like the saying goes, ‘to err is human, to forgive divine. Sometimes we have to go over the limits of human nature to put things in its proper perspective.  It might take time, but justice will be served.

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Summary and Analysis of "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" by Hunter S. Thompson

Summary and Analysis of "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" by Hunter S. Thompson

“Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas” was originally from a 250 word photo-caption job which grew to a novel-length feature story by Hunter S. Thompson.  The two-part story was published in Rolling Stone magazine on November 11, 1971.  Thompson approached his work in a ghastly manner, often creating a negative criticism from its readers. 

The story moved along with Raoul Duke, a journalist, and his attorney Dr. Gonzo as they explore the great American Dream in a discriminating and hypocritical society.  It was based on the author’s own account of his self-discovery in a drug-crazed state along with his Mexican lawyer friend Atty. Oscar Zeta Acosta.

Raoul, like any other journalists, dreamt of getting the most controversial story there is.  When given the opportunity to cover the Mint 400 motorcycle race, he never hesitated and went on the trip.  Unfortunately, Duke and Gonzo engaged themselves in an adventure of a lifetime  They had all sorts of uppers and downers all packed with them during the entire trip to keep them awake.  Somehow, things went berserk.  Both find themselves abandoning work and engaging in disparaging experiences. 

For men of their stature, it is not surprising that despite the volume of addictive drugs and liquors in their possession, there were never a doubt to any man in uniform that they were clean. 

In Vegas, sins lurk the city.  The only thing to be feared of is getting caught.  It is disgusting, however, that it showcased the ugly truth of the American Dream.  It highlighted that crimes were for those with fame, power and fortune.

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A close reading of the plot of the story will reveal that it is not a typical novel which follows the stage of conflict and then a resolution of the conflict.  Instead, it chronicles the adventures of Duke as he and his companions enter into casinos and hotel rooms consuming large amounts of drugs every time.

The search for the American Dream is emphasized in the novel.  However, Duke’s vision of American Dream is different from the rest of us.  For him, the American Dream is the voluntary submission to the temptations of drugs and alcohol.  It is about the pursuit of drugs, alcohol, sex, violence and commercialism. 

The author might not be refined in using words to depict his messages but as it captures more and more readers, liberalism have become more acceptable.  It clearly showed that not only those gifted with literary arts have the capacity to attract and influence.  Loose and open words are sometimes enough to get your message across.

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Essay on Analysis of Streetcar Named Desire

     The play Streetcar Named Desire portrays sexism and the disparity, prejudice, and stereotypes of men and women in an era where the chaos of Second World War and its offshoot in the economy largely affected the moral sensibilities and judgment of the people living at that time. As a result, struggles on norms and values afflicted the characters as the main protagonist lost sense of balance and reality and instead adapted extremities in interpreting truthfulness, deceit and delusion to cope with the skirmishes hounding her need to survive. Other characters, including her own sister, stuck sternly to their expected roles which left the main protagonist dejected, maladjusted, and worst, crazy in an asylum.

     Like any work of fiction, playwright Tennessee Williams took inspiration from real personal circumstances in breathing life to the characters in the play. He was successful in delineating the gender roles of men and women. As portrayed by Stanley Kowalski, men are strong, flex muscles at work, earn the bread for the family, drink liquor and play poker with friends, and regard themselves as superior beings in the house. Men in the play, like Stanley and his friend Mitch Michell highly discriminate female sexuality. They believe that only pure, virgin and chaste women should be given marriage proposals while ‘experienced’ or those with shadowy past should be treated harshly like a prostitute.

    On the other hand, women ought to be submissive, meek and silent in front of their husband.  This was portrayed by Stella Kowalski, wife of Stanley and Eunice Hubell, wife of the building owner where the Kowalskis live. They should ever be willing to serve their husbands in any way, including their lustful needs and demonstrate their happiness for it. Their actions must show that they exist solely for their men. They should also be modest and chaste in the house and feel inferior to their male counterpart. They ought to expect physical and verbal lashings when they show resistance and disrespect.

     Similarly, the play effectively presented the contrast of genders in terms of occupation, behavior and attitude.  Common men or men of low degree like Stanley Kowalski and Mitch Michell should hold blue collar jobs while those who belong to the upper class should be doctors. They should be brusque and violent and cuss occasionally or speak foul language to show their manhood. They can be blunt and severe in deciding against an issue because they don’t beat around the bush. It is fine if they are untidy and smell of perspiration because these are signs of being manual laborers. They are also expected to be promiscuous by visiting brothels and other sleazy places.

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     On the other hand, women are housewives or housekeepers like Stella Kowalski and Eunice Hubell, and nurses or teachers like Blanche Dubois. They should be cultured, refined, yet simple and modest. They should bear children, stand for their man and believe on their side of the story when confronted with a controversial situation. They should cry in silence or go to a confidante to ventilate their sobbing. When inside the house, they must oblige themselves to step out of the house so that they husbands can enjoy time with friends at home. They listen to radio for enjoyment and dance to the music for self-entertainment.

     What makes this play realistic and lively is the character of Blanche Dubois, sister of Stella Kowalski. She is the ambiguous persona in the play, the lady main protagonist who did not observe stereotypes of the gender roles to the letter. She was the experimental character who moderated the extremes of gender roles or broke the gender politics prevalent at that time.

     Through Blanche Dubois, whose character was referred to as fading Southern Belle, playwright Williams took fancy of the so-called ‘Old South’ and its lost glory.  Born and raised from aristocracy and sustained by passive money coming from the family’s cotton plantation, she regarded herself as upper class, elite and educated. But due to twists of fate, the old money gradually went down the drain as it expended the living and death expenses of up to the last older member of the clan. She was left penniless, good thing she acquired education and worked as English teacher. Subsequent misfortunes, such as the suicide of her young husband who turned out to be homosexual, worsened her emptiness to nymphomania. This split personality of being prude, stemming from her family culture and educational background to being promiscuous and prurient became apparent when she finally had to migrate to New Orleans to live with her sister. What followed was harsh interplay of strict gender politics and stereotypes which Blanche Dubois opposed against the rest of the characters.

     The 1940s, characterized by post-World War II consequences, meant regrouping and picking up the pieces not just of tangible things for further use but of lives as well, to be salvaged and reconstructed. Collectively, it was the era of shallow machismo where men teased women sexually and treat them solely for their lustful consumption. They have bizarre, violent measures of putting a woman right into her ‘proper place’ either by physical assault or sexual molestations.  Family men leave all the household chores to the wives but depend on them when they become jobless.

     On the other hand, women empowerment gradually crept in against strict gender roles. They were filled in jobs normally dominated by men. They became the safety net of the American economy as they performed dual roles -- keeping the house while earning money at the same time. Because they had shown their aptitude to be equal with men in terms of becoming a force, they faced maltreatment from the men. 

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Essay on "In Westminster Abbey" - A Critical Analysis of Dramatic Monologue

            “In Westminster Abbey” is another dramatic monologue.  It is a poem by John Betjeman.  The setting for this poem is the beginning of World War II in Britain.  The only character in this poem is a woman who enters the Abbey to pray for a short moment before she goes to a lunch date.  The woman was not named but she appears to represent the people who belong to the upper class and lived in the classy Chelsea neighborhood of Cadogan Square.

            The first character trait of this woman that was revealed is that she is a racist woman.  This is apparent in this line, “Gracious Lord, oh bomb the Germans.” The setting for this poem was in Great Britain during the start of the World War II, the time when Germany joined forces with Italy and Japan to wage against the Allied forces of the United States and Great Britain.  At this time, Germany had started to launch its attack by dropping bombs against Great Britain.  In order to afford protection, the main character entered the church and asked that she be spared and that the Germans should be bombed instead.  She asked the Lord to use His power to protect them and instead annihilate the Germans.

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               The second character trait of this woman that was revealed is that she is a hypocrite woman.  Her hypocrisy is evident in the following lines, “I will labour for Thy Kingdom, Help our lads to win the war.” In these lines, the main character showed her hypocrisy by promising that she will obey the Church’s commandments and do something for the Church.  She even stated at the start of the poem that she was willing to remover her glove commonly worn by women of her social stature and to clean the Abbey.  However, she expected that she will get something in exchange for her promise to work for the Church.  She hopes that Britain will win the war against the Germans.  She also hopes that the Lord will bomb the Germans but let her survive the war.  She also hoped that at the end of the war, the Lord will spare her of the damage and that her business investment will not be affected.  This evident in the following lines, “So, Lord, reserve for me a crown. And do not let my shares go down.”

            The third character trait of this woman that was revealed was that she is a selfish and self-centered woman who only cared about herself during the time of war.  She went to church not to pray for the people in Britain who have been attacked by the Germans.  In fact, she went to church only to ask that her prayers be granted which is for her to be able to survive the war and for her business investment not to be affected when the war is over.  I think the poem sought to show that at this time in history there were many women saw the church as a place where they could benefit from.  God was seen as someone who can grant their wishes like a genie in a lamp.  For them, God was someone who existed for their benefit whom they can command as their servant.  

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Essay on Critical Analysis of My Last Duchess - A Literary Analysis

            A dramatic monologue refers to a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet is made to speak to a silent audience.  In dramatic monologues only the main character is allowed to speak.  The objective of the monologue is to reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the lead character of the poem. (Christopher Baldick 1)  In the process, the poet reveals to the audience the main character’s personality.  Moreover, in a dramatic monologue the main focus is the personal information not the topic which the speaker happens to be talking about. 

My Last Duchess

            The two poems to be discussed in this essay are typical examples of a dramatic monologue. The setting of “My Last Duchess”, a poem by Robert Browning, is the palace of Duke of Ferrara during the 16^th Century.  Ferrara is in the northern Italy.  The Duke of Ferrara in “My Last Duchess” resembles a historical character who was Alfonso II, the fifth and last duke.  Meanwhile the deceased duchess in his poem refers to Lucrezia de Medici, the daughter of a Duke of Florence and Grand Duke of Tuscany. 

As is common in many other dramatic monologues, “My Last Duchess” offers a glimpse of the personality of the Duke of Ferrara.  The first line alone reveals that he is an art lover.  In the first three lines, “That's my last duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I call That piece a wonder.”  The portrait of the late Duchess of Ferrara is a fresco, which is a type of work painted in watercolors directly on a plaster wall.  His statement about calling that piece a wonder emphasizes that he has in his possession many other paintings.  It gives the impression that the painting of the Duchess is the one painting that is more valuable than the other.

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            The second character trait of the Duke of Ferrara as shown in this poem is that he is a jealous husband.  The following lines are relevant, to wit: “She had A heart - how shall I say? - too soon made glad, Too easily impressed: she liked whate'er She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.” (lines 21 to 30) In this line, the Duke of Ferrara shows that he is a jealous husband who demanded no less than the complete attention of his wife.  He gets annoyed with his wife every time he sees her pleased with things other than him.  He did not want her to be happy with other things but only with him.  The Duke wanted his wife to make him happy.  He wanted his wife to focus her complete attention on him every time they are together.  He hated it when his wife is distracted by other things when they are together.

            The Duke of Ferrara’s jealousy was even highlighted when he intimated that the Duchess had an affair with other men.  The following lines are relevant, “Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt, Whene'er I passed her; but who passed without Much the same smile?” By this the Duke of Ferrara implied that the Duchess smiled at men.  He meant that the Duchess flirted with other man.  He even suggested here that the Duchess did more than flirt with some man.  He did not however elaborate how he came to know of this fact or whether he has proof of his allegation. 

            The third character trait of the Duke of Ferrara as shown in this poem is that he is an autocratic and cruel ruler.  The following lines are relevant, “This grew; I gave commands; I gave Then all smiles stopped together.”  In this line, the Duke of Ferrara nonchalantly reveals that he may have been responsible for the death of the Duchess.  He stated without any hint of remorse or pity that when the flirtation did not stop, the Duke of Ferrara did something to her so that the flirtation will stop.  This reveals the cruel side of the Duke of Ferrara that he can cause the immediate execution of any person in his kingdom without showing any kind of emotion.  He has the power to give the orders and his orders will be obeyed.

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Essay on Caveat Emptor

Caveat Emptor is a common-law maxim that serves as a warning to the buyer of any property, real or personal, that he assumes the risk that the product he is buying might be either defective or unsuitable to his needs.  Simply put, it imposes obligation upon the buyer of a property to examine and check for themselves the things that they intend to purchase.  In case they comply with this obligation, they cannot later on hold the vendor responsible for the defective or broken condition of the thing bought. 

            It must however be stressed that the doctrine of caveat emptor is not designed to encourage the vendors to engage in fraud or bad faith in dealing with buyers.  It only seeks to stress that the buyer has the obligation to examine, judge and double-check the product before it is purchased.  In essence, it serves as a guide for the courts to determine whether the vendor or the purchaser should be held responsible for the damaged or defective goods (“From Caveat Emptor to Caveat Venditor - a Brief History of English Sale of Goods Law”, 2002, p.1).

            For instance in the sale of motor vehicle, it is presumed that before the buyer has delivered the purchase price to the vendor, the buyer has examined the motor vehicle and that he is satisfied of its present condition.  It is also presumed that the buyer is purchasing the property at the same condition it was bought.  The buyer cannot be heard to complain later on and ask for the recovery of the purchase price in case he subsequently finds out that the motor vehicle’s brakes are defective.

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            In the sale of land, it is also presumed that the buyer buys the real property at its present state and condition.  In the absence of an express provision in the contract or fraud the buyer is deemed to have purchased the land together with its defects.  Defects involving land may either be patent, or those that that are obvious, or latent, those that are hidden from view.  The doctrine of Caveat Emptor applies only to patent defects.  This means that the buyer of a real property is under obligation for his own protection to examine the real property for any obvious defects.  Such is the duty of the buyer since the vendor is under no obligation, in the absence of an express provision in the agreement or fraud, to communicate to the buyer any patent defects relative to the acquisition of the land. 

            For instance, the buyer has purchased a house and lot.  After full payment of the purchase price, the purchaser cannot be heard to complain and seek to recover damages from the vendor on the ground that the house is made of weak materials or the roof is defective or the tiles composing the floor of the house is damaged since it is presumed that the buyer has examined the property he is buying.  It is presumed that he has checked the house and lot for any obvious defects.

            While the rationale behind the doctrine of caveat emptor is clear, there are some flaws in this principle that may prejudice the buyer of real property.  One major flaw is that most of the time defects in the property one is buying are not always easily identifiable.  Oftentimes, a basic inspection of the real property will not always be enough for the buyer to immediately discover its flaws.  Most of the time defects in the property one is buying only manifest themselves after the contract has been concluded and after the purchase price has been fully paid.  For instance, the defects in the roofing of the house may only become manifest during the rainy season when the excess waters starts to pour inside the house.  In the same manner, the defects in the foundation of the house may not actually become obvious until the time that the purchaser has actually transferred to the house.  It is possible therefore than a cunning vendor may hide any obvious defects so as to convince the buyer that the property he is buying is free from defects.

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Essay on the Ballad of the Sad Cafe by Carson McCullers

The Ballad of the Sad Café, by Carson McCullers, is a story about a lonely and isolated town that is once the location of a thriving café.  Nothing was happening in the town until the time when the dreary town became a witness to the love triangle among the three main characters of the story.  Marvin Macy the handsome man who had a history of nefarious and sadistic activities married Miss Amelia Evans who was a wealthy and lonely woman.  The two lived together only for ten (10) days before they separated because she refuses to consummate the marriage.  When Lymon arrived, he and Macy lived together until the former was charmed by Macy.

There are other writers who say that “The Ballad of the Sad Cafe” represents the unconscious self of Carson McCullers.  Just like the story of Amelia Evans and Marvin Macy, she and her husband both have extramarital affairs during their marriage.  In addition, one of the couples also had a homosexual affair.  Thus, for these writers, “The Ballad of the Sad Café” is Carson McCullers’ means of expressing her grief over her tumultuous married life. 

The story takes place in an old abandoned city in a small and lifeless town. However, this town was not always so empty and dreary. Ms Amelia Evans suddenly had an idea of opening a café.  For a while the town was alive.  The people were also happy.  For a while also Miss Amelia Evans was in love with the arrival of Lymon.

However, when calamity struck she was forced her to close down her café, the entire town became boring and lifeless once more. The only lively atmosphere in town was now desolate and boarded up. Miss Amelia Evans, the owner, now spends her time barricaded in the café, staring down at the empty city every once in a while with her scary crossed-eyes.  

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Because of her misfortunes, Miss Amelia made the decision to close her café and along with that went the last ounce of excitement in the abandoned district. The narrator has a very depressed tone of expression when describing the surroundings. It seems as though all hope has been lost. The loneliness of the town symbolizes the loneliness of the main characters in the story.  Miss Amelia Evans was loved by Marvin Macy yet she never loved him back.  Miss Amelia Evans loved Lymon yet he never loved her back.  Lymon loved Marvin Macy who also never loved him back. 

The café symbolizes the life of Miss Amelia herself. “It is a face like the terrible dim faces known in dreams--sexless and white, with two gray crossed eyes which are turned inward so sharply that they seem to be exchanging with each other one long and secret gaze of grief.”(3-5) She is described as colorless, grey, and lifeless, identical to her surroundings. The narrator explains that the café which used to be lively and full of people had been reduced to an abandoned building. This resembles the life of Miss Amelia because she went from being a rich and successful business owner to a lonely discarded lady who lived a life of solitude.

In conclusion, The Ballad of the Sad Café depicts a miserable small town plagued by absence of love, abandonment, depression, and dullness. The exuberance of the town was extinguished by the closing of the town’s centerpiece, which was the café. By analyzing the work of Carson McCullers, one can notice the many literary devices used by the author to enrich the story and give the reader a better sense of understanding and perspective. 

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Essay on Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Catch 22 is a rule invoked by the military as basis every time a soldier refuses to fly on the ground of insanity.  The idea is that if a soldier claims insanity and asks to be grounded the request is immediately disapproved on the ground that the fact that he claims that he is insane makes him sane and is therefore eligible to fly.  A truly insane man, on the other hand, disregards his own safety and would want to be assigned and would ask for more missions.   The only way for an insane man to be grounded, however, is to ask for it.  The funny thing is that when a person asks for it then he is considered sane.  There is indeed no escape for this illogical military rule.  Since a soldier has no escape from his assignment via Catch-22, it has been used to signify a no-win situation where one does not have control over the matter at hand.

Catch-22 is a novel by Joseph Heller which depicts the insanity of war and the difficulty every person encounters in view of the rules of the institutions.  It stresses that individuals who seek to express their own individuality often find themselves at odds against the social rules and expectations which oftentimes are illogical and insane.

            The setting of this story takes place during World War 2.  Yossarian, the lead character who is a bombardier, exerts every effort throughout the story just to avoid flying.   In one scene Yossarian fakes an illness just so he could be assigned in the ward of a hospital.  While in the ward, he lands a job to censor the letters of the enlisted men ranked below him. As Yossarian becomes more and more uninterested in the “monotonous job,” the boredom begins to drive him to true insanity.(8-9) At first, he tries to pretend to be sick and insane to get out of army service, however now he is truly on the verge of lunacy. He begins creating games for himself where he increasingly alters the letters to a greater and greater extent until they do not contain anything comprehensible.

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            An analysis of the story will reveal that the censoring of the letters is a symbol of Yossarian’s need for freedom. Yossarian is confined in the hospital with no control over his own liberty while serving with the army. Altering the contents of the letters is the only form of expression he has: “When he had exhausted all possibilities in the letters, he began attacking the names and addresses on the envelopes, obliterating whole homes and streets, annihilating entire metropolises with careless flicks of his wrist as though he were God.”(8-9) Altering the letters gives him the sense of power and the false feeling of having authority.   

            When he modified the letters, Yossarian used the name of Washington Irving or Irving Washington in place of his own name.  This also led the military to suspect that Irving Washington was the name of an insubordinate soldier.  Washington Irving was a great American writer that lived from 1783-1859. This allusion made to Washington Irving was not done without any reason.  Just like Yossarian, Irving once had a change of heart.  During the war of 1812, Washington Irving very patriotically enrolled in the army but quickly lost his aspiration to serve but he withdrew after he had a change of heart. This is almost identical to Yossarian’s decision to withdraw from the war.

            It is apparent that the author of Catch-22, Joseph Heller, had intended a deeper understanding to the context. By installing specific literary devices such as symbols, and allusions, he has allowed the reader to appreciate the text on a much greater level. 

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Biography of Robert Hayden

A. His Life

            Robert Earl Hayden was recognized as the poet laureate of Senegal in 1966 and as America’s first black poet laureate in 1976. 

            Robert Earl Hayden was not the name that appeared in his birth certificate.  His first name was Asa Bundy Sheffey and he was born on August 4, 1913.  He was born in Paradise Valley in Detroit Michigan.  His biological parents were Ruth Sheffey and Asa Sheffey who were separated before he was born.  When he was only eighteen (18) months old, his mother gave him to William Hayden and Sue Ellen Hayden who lived next door.  They were the ones who rechristened him to become Robert Earl Hayden but the Haydens never legally adopted him. (Pontheolla Williams 3) The Haydens never denied the Sheffeys to and visit their child in their home.  In fact, the Haydens often took Robert to his biological mother’s home to pay her a visit.

            Hayden had a good relationship with his biological mother.  When he was a young boy, Ruth Sheffey often took him to theatres in Buffalo.  They also enjoyed the board rides, theaters and the gifts and the time he spent with his biological mother.  These experiences will later on shape his view about his world and give him a less ethnically centered view of art than that of the other artists. 

            Robert’s biological father also paid him a visit often.  Asa Sheffey also took him shopping and gave him gifts.  However, Robert noticed that when his father was drunk, he would often disparage his mother in front of him. (Pontheolla Williams 4) Because of his remarks, he developed feelings of resentment towards his father. 

            Robert Earl Hayden was a near-sighted from birth.  He considered this impairment as his handicap.  Because of his handicap, he did not engage in sports activities like the other children his age.  He would often refuse to interact with other children who called him “old four eyes.” In this young age, he found solace in reading, day dreaming and drawing. 

His neighborhood, Paradise Valley, was described as a racially mixed but predominantly black neighborhood.  Hayden once described his neighborhood as “the most notorious part of town.” (Pontheolla T. Williams 6)  Racial bias and prejudice was common in this neighborhood with issues such as segregation often being discussed.  It was in this environment that is full of color prejudice that Robert Earl Hayden realized as a young boy born from black parents that he was vulnerable.   

He recalled the days when his adoptive mother refused to let him play with his white friends.  She admonished him not to run around with his friends who are white and reminded him that he was “coloured.”  When he reached puberty, the whites warned him saying “You’re coloured I don’t want you playing with my girls.” (Pontheolla T. Williams 8) Hayden, however, emphasized that racial bigotry was not universal.  He recalled the times when Jews and Italians extended credit to his family and the fun times he had with his white friends when they play together.  The knowledge that not everybody was conscious about the color of their skin or the color of the skin of other people will soon play an important role in his life as a poet.
            The Afro-American church served as one of the most crucial influences in Hayden’s life.  Hayden once said that the church was the center of his family life. Hayden also said that he had experienced a genuine, even near-mystical conversion, and became a member while he still a child. His activities with the church such as acting, writing and speaking all helped him in his development and would later be part of his poems such as the “Mourning Poem for the Queen of Sunday.” 

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            In 1930, he graduated from the Northern High School in Detroit which he described as a “sight saving” school.  It was in this year where he became familiar with modern poetry.  He discovered both the mainstream American literary tradition and the Afro-American literary tradition through the Harlem Renaissance poets in the likes of Elinor Wylie, Alain Locke and Countee Cullen.  Soon, he would follow Cullen who declined to call himself the Negro poet.  In 1931, Hayden’s first poem “Africa” was published in the 1931 issue of Chicago’s Abbott’s Monthly.  “Africa” reflects the extent of influence of Cullen in Hayden.  The poem “Africa” gives praise to Africa which Hayden considered as a cradle of human race.  The structure and style of the poem was patterned after Cullen’s “Heritage” which also discusses about Africa.  Cullen also influenced Hayden who wanted to be labeled as a poet rather than a “Negro poet.” In his poem, Cullen refused to be restricted to racial themes which were common among coloured poets during his time. 

            It was also at this age that he attended the Detroit Institute of Musical Arts where he took violin lessons.  He enjoyed the lessons and continued attending the school until his family could no longer pay for it.  At the same time, he was forced to quit when his vision had become worse that he had to sit so close to the music which obstructed the view of his classmate.  It was his love of music that would later cause him to be attracted to the woman that he would later marry. (Pontheolla T. Williams 8)

            In 1932, Hayden entered the Detroit City College through scholarship from the State Rehabilitation Service.  In 1936, Hayden secured a job as a researcher and writer for Detroit Writers Project Administration.  Later, he was recognized at a Detroit United Auto Workers Union rally where he was called the People’s Poet.” (Christopher Buck 177)

            In June 1940, Hayden married Erma Inez Morris who was a musician.  Maia, their daughter, was born two years after.  In 1942, Hayden started his full time graduate study at Michigan and completed his Master’s degree in 1944.  He also started his working as a teaching assistant in Michigan from 1944 to 1946 and taught at Fisk University from 1946 to 1969. 

II. Criticisms

            Despite his skills, talents and the recognition that he has received as a poet, Robert Hayden, together with Countee Cullen, were often criticized by their colleagues for their lack of political involvement and for refusing to be called a Negro poet.  In fact, while his poetry was being recognized in Senegal, Hayden was being criticized at his own hometown for refusing to be labeled as a Negro poet.  Hayden, for his part, did not deny and insisted that he was an American poet.  He refused to be called a Negro poet but “a poet who happens to be a Negro.” (Bryan Conniff 1) Many of these critics believed that coloured poets should write about the coloured men and women and their situation in life. 

The criticisms are understandable because during this time, it had become the trend among many artists to write about the situation involving the whites and the coloured persons.  Many poets discussed about the discrimination they had experienced and the difficulties of being a coloured poet.  The poem was considered as a vehicle among these poets to raise the social awareness about the coloured people and to instill to them a sense of pride. 

However, Robert Hayden believed that poets “are the keepers of a nation’s conscience, the partisans of freedom and justice, even when they eschew political involvement. By the very act of continuing to function as poets they are affirming what is human and eternal.” He stressed that poets should not be restricted to write about racial issues.  Hayden believed that there are poets who want to write about racial injustice and there are poets who want to write a more personal kind of poetry.  These poets, for him, should be left alone.  He also wanted to correct the perception that coloured people only want to read about racial injustice.  He admonished his critics that they should not downgrade the coloured people and that poetry regardless of its topic is to be enjoyed by everybody regardless of the color of their skin.

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Analysis of "The Lady with the Pet Dog" by Anton Chekhov

Character Analysis of "The Lady with the Pet Dog"

            Dmitri Gurov is a Moscow banker who is intrigued by the sudden appearance of a young woman walking alone along the sea front of Yalta.  He is a married man with children.  While it may appear that he lives an ordinarily life, he is a discontented married man.  He despises his wife whom he thinks is unintelligent and inelegant.  He develops a strong attraction to Anna Sergeyevna, a woman whom he sees one day walking alone with her dog.   He eventually develops an affair with her.  At first, he thought that she is just like another woman with whom he will have an affair.  Little did he know that because of Anna he will find out more about himself. 

            Anna Sergeyevna is a young and naïve woman who is married to a government official.  She describes her husband as flunkey.  Just like Dmitri, she is unhappy with her married life.  She becomes attracted to Dmitri and falls in love with him. At first she feels guilty for sleeping with him but she soon realizes that she is very much in love with him such that even after they parted ways at Yalta, they still decided to see each other at Moscow. 

           

Theme

            At first glance, “The Lady with the Pet Dog” may be considered as a story about moral corruption, infidelity, disloyalty, and sin since this is essentially a story about two married people having an affair.  A deeper reading of the story will reveal that this is more than just about morality but about life. 

            It may seem that Anton Chekhov wanted the readers to despise Dmitri as he was depicted as a philandering man who did not love his family.  It must be emphasized here that Dmitri was married to a woman who was not even named in the story.  Perhaps, Anton Chekhov wanted to emphasize how unimportant Dmitri’s wife is to his life.  She was however described as a “tall, erect women with dark eyebrows, staid and dignified, and, as she said of herself, intellectual.” Yet Dmitri considered her “unintelligent, narrow, and inelegant.”  His scorn and despise for his wife was made evident as it was emphasized that Dmitri did not like to be at home with his family.  It was also described that he had extra-marital affairs many times in his life.  He was not only described as an irresponsible husband and father but he was also chauvinistic as he considered women as “the lower race.”  This arrogant attitude towards women was highlighted in the first part of the story.  Even if he had not even talked to Anna, he was already excited about the thoughts of him conquering the woman whom he thought was young and naïve, to wit:  

but when the lady sat down at the next table three paces from him, he remembered these tales of easy conquests, of trips to the mountains, and the tempting thought of a swift, fleeting love affair, a romance with an unknown woman, whose name he did not know, suddenly took possession of him.

            On the other hand, Anna was depicted as a young and naïve married woman.  One may think that she was living a normal life yet she secretly despised her husband whom he described as “flunkey.”  She revealed to Dmitri that she had been unhappy with her husband for a long time.  She tells him that she had been deceiving him for a long time.  She even considered her marriage as a mistake, to wit:    

I was twenty when I was married to him. I have been tormented by curiosity; I wanted something better. 'There must be a different sort of life,' I said to myself. I wanted to live! To live, to live! . . . I was fired by curiosity . . . you don't understand it, but, I swear to God, I could not control myself; something happened to me: I could not be restrained. I told my husband I was ill, and came here. . .

            Yet, the storyline radically shifted to a new direction towards the end of the story.  What was previously thought of as a story of moral corruption and degeneration was in truth an accurate picture of the realities of life.  Anton Chekhov wanted to tell the readers that the things that happened to Dmitri and Anna may very well happen to every one of us.  People do fall in love even if they are already married.  As married couples interact with other people there is always the possibility that they may be attracted to other people.  The married couple need not be unhappy or discontented with their marriage to have an extra-marital affair.  In fact, there need not be a reason to be involved in an affair.  Even happy and contended couples may by accidental chance meet somebody else and develop passionate feelings for them. 

            What Anton Chekhov had shown in this story was that he was not a conventional moralist.  He treated morality from a different perspective in this story.  Though he did not say that engaging in adultery or promiscuity is good, he did emphasize that this is a reality of life that we must deal with.  He was in fact a realist. 

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            The underlying message of the story is that Dmitri was unhappy with his married life.  Anna was likewise unhappy with her married life.  By some stroke of chance, they met and found each other.  Though it may be possible that they their attraction for each other in the beginning of their story was brought about by their unhappy marriage, they soon developed deep feelings for each other.  In the end, the feelings they had for each other was more than mere passion or lust but even friendship.  This was made evident towards the end of this story, to wit:

Anna Sergeyevna and he loved each other like people very close and akin, like husband and wife, like tender friends; it seemed to them that fate itself had meant them for one another, and they could not understand why he had a wife and she a husband; and it was as though they were a pair of birds of passage, caught and forced to live in different cages. They forgave each other for what they were ashamed of in their past, they forgave everything in the present, and felt that this love of theirs had changed them both.

            His realistic attitude towards life and its endless possibilities were shown in this story.  The characters were depicted in a very realistic manner.  His characters were very real as they had their own strengths and weaknesses.  Dmitri was a male chauvinist who did not love his wife.  He was consumed with his desire for sex with random women.  Anna was a young and innocent woman who was having second thoughts about her marriage.  She went to Yalta hoping to take a break from her sad married life.  They were both trapped in a loveless marriage.  Towards the end of the story, Dmitri’s character was transformed from a carefree and unsympathetic character to a loving and caring man.  He fell in love and deeply touched by the strong bond and connection he had with Anna.  He chased her to her province.  He became vulnerable by revealing to her his true feelings for her.  This was something that Dmitri had not done with the other sexual escapades he had in the past with other women.  He even acted stupidly in kissing Anna in public forgetting that her husband may be in the vicinity.  Verily, all people who have experienced being in love may truly relate with the character of Dmitri.  We will all go out of our way, make ourselves vulnerable and act stupid at times because of love.  Truly, this is the power of love as realistically portrayed by Anton Chekhov.

            While being realistic, Anton Chekhov was not judgmental.  He simply wanted to tell the realities of life without convincing his readers that a character or an act is immoral.  He just wanted to tell a story while at the same time refusing to judge the characters or attempt to offer suggestions on how to improve their situation.  This was evident in this story, to wit: 

And it seemed as though in a little while the solution would be found, and then a new and splendid life would begin; and it was clear to both of them that they had still a long, long road before them, and that the most complicated and difficult part of it was only just beginning.

            It was very typical of Anton Chekhov’s style to give an open-ended ending to a story.  The ending was written with ambiguity leaving the readers to try to think for themselves what may eventually happen to the couple. 

            Though the future remained uncertain for Dmitri and Anna, they both willingly accepted their situation.  Both of them were living two separate lives.  One life is open, seen and known by their families and friends.  The other life is known only to both of them.  They were happy but they also know that they could not openly enjoy it for a long time.  They also knew they may not have a happy ending but what mattered to them was they were enjoying each other’s company.  Truly, these are the realities of life.  

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